Assess the view that what participant observation lacks in terms of reliability Essay

Assess the view that what participant observation lacks in terms of reliability & representativeness, it more than makes up for in terms of validity. Participant Observation is where the researcher infiltrates themselves into a certain group or gang to study them from within. The researcher usually puts themselves in a position where they are in the main part of the group, and they usually study the activities and attitudes of the different gang/group members. The observation is usually carefully thought through, & it is usually recorded in field notes, and can often take months, even years to complete. Participant Observation usually doesn’t start with a definite hypothesis, so new ideas and thoughts about the group or the way that an idea may turn out usually come through when the observer is part of the group. You can either do overt (people know you are doing it) or covert (undercover) observations, or even a combination of both. Although this may seem like a very kosher method to use, there are quite a few disadvantages of doing this; Bias is a concern because if the observer starts being drawn into the group, their own views will be abandoned because they may start seeing things through the group’s eyes, and may blind the researcher to other views that may be available. The influence of the researcher may also be a problem, because if a group know that they are being studied, they may alter their behaviour, and so the research is pointless. For example, with James Patrick’s study of a Glaswegian Gang, he was suspected of holding back in fights and being reluctant to participate in some of the activities of the Gang, and this was pointed out by a member of the gang, but thankfully, the leader of the Gang stood up for Patrick, because he was the only one who actually knew that the gang was being studied. Ethical Issues are also a problem, because if the researcher goes in really deep with the group, then they may have to illegal or immoral activities, which may go against the researcher’s own values. The actual proof of the study is also a problem because you have no way of replicating the exact study, and so have no way of knowing if the research is true or not. This kind of study is also on too small a scale, and so you cannot repeat it again. Also, due to the micro-ness of it, you cannot make generalisations for the whole population based on one group, or if you were studying gangs and their motives for committing crimes or something like that, you can’t assume that all other gangs will have the same motives. And finally, most researchers like to study the less powerful groups in society, and there has been a debate over whether this is right or not because we can possibly miss the important issues that are going on. However, there are some advantages to using this method, and so we cannot just assume that all sociologists see this as a bad method to use; By joining a certain group, the sociologist would be able to gain knowledge of certain subjects from that group’s point of view, and they would be able to fully understand the sorts of things that were going on, and gaining different perspectives. Also, you can generate new ideas from being in a new group, and this can lead you to new perspectives and ideas. You also get more of the truth and honesty if you are doing overt participant observation, so you can quite easily prove or disprove any hypotheses you have come up with. You are also to dig deeper into the group so to speak, because if you are a part of the group, then you can uncover issues that may normally remain hidden or are secretive. Participant observation is also dynamic because if you are with a group over time, you understand how they work and how attitudes and behaviour change over time. Lastly, you can dig deeper into areas that you aren’t typically able to reach, for example, with young offenders or religious groups. It is, however, simplistic to assume that participant observation will automatically produce valid results, as there are many threats to this validity.

Outline and Assess the View That Vocational Education Simply

Outline and assess the view that vocational education simply trains workers for exploitation. [50] The idea that vocational education allows workers to be exploited is a view held by Marxism. Vocational education is that which gets an individual ready for the workplace, either through a course directly complimenting a skill, like hairdressing, or that which has a broader area of learning. Whilst functionalism sees a great system underlying vocational education, Marxists have a more cynical view of the idea.Vocational education will inevitably have an effect on the economy- hopefully for the better, but Marxists would deny the benefits as overall wealthy, insisting education is a tool in capitalist societies, which control and pacify the working classes. Marxists Bowles and Gintis (1976) suggested that there is a correspondence between educational institutions and the workplace- the working class will stay working class, and characteristics such as self-image, social class identificat ion, demeanour and presentation, will be paralleled within the workplace.Bowles and Gintis also maintained that whilst in school, the teachers were formed in a hierarchical system in which older students seem to be of a higher status than those who are younger; in the workplace, not all workers will be on the same salary in the same department. The overall belief is that the whole system has made it so that the ‘hidden curriculum’ enforces social order, and it marginalises worker, making them struggle for power, and this will create a subservient pool of workers.Durkheim, would disagree along with Davis and Moore, and Parsons, who collectively state that a skilled workforce is a product, and occupational allocation can be a defining outcome of vocational education. This really drives the core values of functionalism, as it seeks to work for the benefit of a consensus society, just trying to get the people back into work and off of welfare.Bowles and Gintis, however can be criticised for determinism, as it is not imperative that all of those who are being educated, hold a passive stance towards the teaching of capitalist values, and it also lumps certain social groups together, thus not motivating change as their argument is that their fate is determined by identification of class and there’ll be no mobility, whilst there are those who have come from nothing and do not show much of a line between education and work- Richard Branson, entrepreneur, for example, ho heads a multi-million pound business, employing many people across the country, despite Branson’s dyslexia and lack of success at school. Willis, regarded as a Neo-Marxist, has also provided critical suggestions against Bowles and Gintis; Willis notes there were ideological factors, but having studied the twelve ‘lads’, there was a mix of perspectives and they weren’t all happy with the ideas of the school, not to mention the rejection of the idea that scho ol was at all important to what they wanted out of life.Willis’s perspective shows a more interpretivist approach in which human interpretation was also quite a defining factor- it was the ideas of the 12, which made them enter the blue collar jobs. Then again, Willis’s sample lacks much representation and precision since the sample is extremely small. Social democracy also favours the merits of vocational education, as it is seen to create a competitive economy.New Labour, therefore, had therefore introduced the New Deal- a scheme in which it was ensured that unemployed people would have either full time education or training for a year, or voluntary sector work. This would therefore, supposedly, increase desirability for employment and would contribute to bringing unemployment and lack of skills down in the nation. The New Labour government did defend its intentions to stop making people so reliant on welfare packages like incapacity benefit.It’s solely for th e purpose of getting people into work, and not for the cause of that workplace paying sub-sufficient wages. However the voice of opposition says that the compulsory implementation of this would restore power at the top, and especially with voluntary sector placements, cheap labour would indeed be used to some effect for a long period of time, saving some businesses potentially thousands on each person every six months.Another grievance was put forward by De Waal (2008), who has argued that vocational GCSEs, which are accessible through local colleges and NVQs, are not relevant- they lack the teaching of valuable skills- only to raise the achievement of those less academically endowed to pass the government’s expectations of five A*-Cs at GCSE, as these course have been disproportionate weighting in which the qualification can stand for five GCSEs.It also comes to mind that age 14, an individual won’t be thinking terribly hard about their future ambitions- or at least m ore realistic ones- 14 is too young to allocate them a place, when there are fears that it could reproduce the effects of the tripartite in which superficial role allocation would be used.Hoelscher’s (2008) findings may give direction to some justification of the idea since it was identified that most people in vocational education had proceeded to university, given such status since 1992- ex-polytechnics, for example and that would affect both course and future employability, at least in the field to which their degree applies. Davies and Biesta (2007) can partially reflect this.The couple argue that the experiences will be wide-ranging and will reflect both extremes, from genuinely whole-hearted programmes to get unemployment and dependence down, too, for the benefit of spending less on welfare, whilst the worst could provide almost worthless experiences and a temptation for companies to take advantage of cheap labour – cutting their spending on employment, whilst ge nerating some profit out of their presence at the workplace.This would imply that it is not the cause of vocational education, solely, but more the individual interpretations and experiences- like most things, there will always be those trying to benefit from some kind of system. In conclusion, vocational education- like all education- is going to have two large factors: interpretation and attitude of the individual, and the discipline/ ideals of an institution. It plays a genuine role in at least attempting to do well for society, and not for those CEOs sitting on the top of bonuses.The Marxist evaluation seems almost ungrateful of education overall as it condemns, with theorists such as Bourdieu. Marxism takes individuals as gullible people, who are all part of a single label, which is damaging to the future of vocational education; it is a genuine move towards a more desirable economy, and markets; we all want to thrive and prosper as a nation, rather than suffer at the hands of the minority who are apathetically sponging the unemployment benefits.

Understanding Machine Hours And Its Effect On The Cost Of...

Understanding Machine Hours At its core, a cost driver is any factor that is literally driving or influencing the cost of something. Over the past century, there has been a shift from single cost drivers to companies now reviewing several cost drivers. The combination of more sophistication in manufacturing and growth in customers needs and demands means that direct labor can no longer be the central cost driver. Overhead costs have increased drastically and have had a dramatic effect on the profit and competitiveness of manufacturing organizations. They account for a large percentage of a company’s total value and as a result, they have forced management to recognize its effects. â€Å"Manufacturing overhead, which includes all manufacturing costs other than direct materials and direct labor, has increased significantly due to automation, product diversity and product complexity† (p. 14-18,). When accounting for these costs, a machine hour is defined as â€Å"th e operation of one machine for one hour used as a basis for cost finding and for determining operating effectiveness† *Merriam-Webster. A company that employs the use of machines extensively, such as a manufacturing company, would be best served by using machine hours to analyze costs. Schemes, Machine Hours and ABC Should ABC opt to utilize machine hours as a cost driver, they would be operating under the most well-known classification schemes, known as the manufacturing cost hierarchy. The manufacturing costShow MoreRelatedThe, A Fusion Of Animal And Machine1707 Words   |  7 PagesIn You Are a Cyborg (Harl, Kunzru, 2013), Donna Haraway claims that humans are cyborgs; â€Å"a fusion of animal and machine†. Not robots like artificial intelligence Ava in Ex Machina (Garland, 2015), but cybernetic organisms or information machines. 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Essay on Marijuana Is Helpful For Medical Use - 606 Words

For years there has been a wonder drug, which has befriended countless sick patients in a number of countries. A relatively inexpensive drug that is not covered by health care plans, which has aided the ill both mentally and physically--marijuana. Significant scientific and medical studies have demonstrated that marijuana is safe for use under medical supervision and that the cannabis plant, in its natural form, has important therapeutic benefits that are often of critical medical importance to persons afflicted with a variety of Life-threatening illnesses. Courts have recognized marijuanas medical value in treatment and have ruled that marijuana can be a drug of â€Å"necessity† in the treatment of glaucoma, cancer, AIDS, and multiple†¦show more content†¦So if there are so many benefits, then why is marijuana not legal? Many states contend that the ban on medical marijuana is necessary to prevent drug abuse and the availability of illicit drugs and to control the purity of medicinal drug products. These states have no compelling interest in intervening to needlessly prolong terminal patients suffering. States should allow the medical use of marijuana under strict regulations, rather than uphold an outdated drug classification scheme. While federal agencies adamantly maintain marijuana has â€Å"no accepted medical use in treatment in the United States,† the medical prohibition has come under strong legal challenge from seriously ill Americans who have been arrested on marijuana-related charges. In U.S. v. Randall, a Washington, D.C. man afflicted by glaucoma employed the little-used Common Law doctrine of necessity to defend himself against criminal charges of marijuana cultivation. 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Research Paper North Carolina Central University

Shavonne Hunter Outline FCSG 5820 North Carolina Central University I. Introduction (2 pages) Sexuality in aging is an interesting topic being that everyone will age and the information is vital to know. Countless amounts of people want and need to be close to others, as they grow older meaning they yearn to endure a lively, fulfilling sex life. With aging, there might be changes that can produce later difficulties and issues. Typical aging brings physical changes in both men and women. These changes occasionally disturb the capability to have and enjoy sex. As a woman the vagina gets older and begins to change. The changes are things such as the structure, shape, and even size changes. The lubrication begins to slow down. These changes most likely will affect sexual functions or pleasure. As for the men, they experience something called erectile dysfunction. This is also called ED, which is when it either takes longer to have an erection, or it isn’t possible anymore. Also the orgasms can happen faster. These types of things may be very embarrassing and uncomfortable for older adults. These types of things may cause relationship problems later on, or even depression. There are also health issues that can affect the ability to enjoy sex. These include Arthritis, Dementia, heart disease, Incontinence, and many more illnesses. There are many other causes of sexuality problems other than just the illnesses. Something such as surgery can affect ones sex life drastically.Show MoreRelatedA Study On Emotional Maturity Of College Students Essay896 Words   |  4 Pages‘Analysing the leadership behaviour of college principals’, Journal for Studies in Management and Planning, Volume 01 Issue 11, ISSN: 2395-0463. Subbarayan, K. and Visvanathan, G. (2011) ‘A study on emotional maturity of college students’, Recent Research in Science and Technology’, 3 (1), Pp. 153-155. Subramanian, S. and Vinothkumar, M. 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This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOW/DOW 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ISBN MHID 978-0-07-811273-7 0-07-811273-7 Vice president and editor-in-chief: Brent Gordon Editorial director: Paul Ducham Executive editor: Michael Ablassmeir Executive director of development: AnnRead MoreAn Explication Of A Poetry Explication Essay1895 Words   |  8 Pages Modified from Laurie Coleman and resources at The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 1 ? Essay #1: Poetry Explication A poetry explication is a relatively short analysis that describes the possible meanings and relationships of the words, images, and other small units that make up a poem. It is a line-by-line unfolding or revealing of the meaning(s) of a poem as the poem develops that meaning from beginning to end. Writing an explication is an effective way

Informative Speech-Caffeine Outline Essay Sample free essay sample

I. What does java. tea. soft drinks. cocoa. and a bottle of medicines have in common? II. They all contain caffeine. and that’s what I’m traveling to be speaking about today. III. â€Å"The U. S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) and the American Medical Association ( AMA ) have estimated that the mean day-to-day caffeine ingestion among Americans is about 280 milligrams per twenty-four hours. while 20 % -30 % consume more than 600 mg daily. The top 3 beginnings of caffeine in grownups are java ( 70 % ) . sodium carbonate ( 16 % ) . and tea ( 12 % ) † ( â€Å"Caffeine† ) . IV. Caffeine is common in our society and a batch of people. including myself. devour something with caffeine in it at least every twenty-four hours. but many of us don’t cognize what the effects or backdowns can make to our organic structures. V. I will discourse what caffeine is and where it can be found. We will write a custom essay sample on Informative Speech-Caffeine Outline Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page the effects of it. and the backdown symptoms. ( Passage: Let’s foremost look at what it is and where it can be found. ) Body I. â€Å"Caffeine is a acrimonious. white substance found of course in certain foliages. beans. and fruit of over 60 workss worldwide and produced synthetically and added to nutrients. drinks. addendums. and medications† ( â€Å"Caffeine† ) . A. Caffeine is the more common. and much easier term to articulate. for 1. 3. 7-trimethylxanthine ( â€Å"Caffeine† ) . 1. It derives from the German word kaffee and the Gallic word cafe . both intending java ( â€Å"Caffeine† ) . B. Caffeine is besides considered a powerful drug ( Connolly ) . 2. â€Å"Along with nicotine and intoxicant. caffeine is 1 of the 3 most widely used mood-affecting drugs in the universe ( Connolly ) . 3. â€Å"Caffeine is non harmful. but overuse of it can be† ( Connolly ) . ( Passage: Now that we know what caffeine is and all the signifiers in which it comes in. let’s discuss some of the effects. ) II. Caffeine can impact our organic structures and even our slumber.A. Once caffeine is consumed. your organic structure can wholly absorb it within 30 to 45 proceedingss. Its effects will melt off within 3 to 6 to even 8 hours ( â€Å"Caffeine† ) . 1. Within this clip period. these are some short-run effects one may see: a. Like â€Å"rapid or irregular pulse. increased blood force per unit area. high blood sugar degrees. and /or tremors† ( Connolly ) . 2. Here are some long-run effects: B. Like â€Å"sleep upsets. this means it could impact the length and quality of slumber. possible cancer-causing effects. and bosom and external respiration jobs due to overdose† ( Connolly ) . B. Caffeine affects each and every one of us otherwise. What could go on to one of us may non go on to anyone else. 3. â€Å"It depends on each person’s single fortunes such as weight and organic structure type† ( Connolly ) . ( Passage: Now let’s discourse some backdown symptoms. ) III. When you don’t consume caffeine as you normally do. you can hold backdown symptoms. C. These symptoms can be concerns. drowsiness. crossness. lassitude. irregularity. depression. musculus hurting or stiffness. deficiency of concentration. Flu-like symptoms. and insomnia† ( â€Å"Caffeine Withdrawal Symptoms: Top Ten† ) . 4. They can last anyplace from a few yearss to a hebdomad ( â€Å"Caffeine Withdrawal Symptoms: Top Ten† ) . D. Like with the effects. backdown symptoms are different for everyone. E. For person who wants to cut back their ingestion of caffeine. the one thing they shouldn’t do is â€Å"quit cold Meleagris gallopavo. † Just cut down consumption everyday and so every week† ( Connolly ) . 5. The backdown symptoms can be worse for person who quits all of a sudden. ( Passage: So now let’s do a recap. ) Decision I. We know that caffeine can be found in workss worldwide and in mundane nutrients. drinks. and medicines. II. Caffeine can impact us physically and mentally.III. The backdown symptoms can run from minor to severe. depending on each person’s state of affairs. IV. Caffeine may hold bad results but it besides has good excessively. It can be helpful and of all time so delightful. but so unsafe at the same clip. So merely don’t travel overboard with the dad. java. and tea. Plants Cited â€Å"Caffeine. † MedicineNet. com. MedicineNet. Inc. . 2013. Web. 12 Feb. 2013. â€Å"Caffeine Withdrawal Symptoms: Top Ten† . Energy Fiend. Energy Fiend. 2013. Web. 12 Feb. 2013. Connolly. Reg. â€Å"A Hit of Caffeine. † Pegasus NLP. Pegasus NLP Newsletter. 7 Aug. 2000-2012. Web. 12 Feb. 2013.

The Seneca Falls Womans Rights Convention free essay sample

A paper which explores the history and results of the Womans Rights Convention held in Seneca Falls, USA in 1848. A paper which explores major documents of actions taken by women groups, which advanced their cause between the 1700s and the mid-1800s, and which culminated in the Womans Rights Convention in Seneca Falls in New York. Texts by Benjamin Wadsworth, Abigail Adams and James Wilson are discussed, as well as the Declaration of Sentiments the document which culminated from the Seneca Falls Convention and became the basis for American feminism. The chief role played by women was motherhood, according to a prominent publication in the mid-19th century, The Mothers Magazine. This was because it was mothers who directed the formation of habits in their children. The magazine set apart these habits as industry and business-mindedness. Habits, the magazine emphasized, were everything in the forming of character, and mothers are on top of the situation in forming habits among children. We will write a custom essay sample on The Seneca Falls Womans Rights Convention or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He reminded readers that the immortal works and contributions of great men and women in all disciplines throughout history always gave due honor to those who directed their growth their mothers. Since the Americas were then in a steady economic, political and cultural development, reading materials encouraged the formation of industries. That diligence needed by the times was in the hands of mothers who not only bore their childrens bodies but also shaped their character. Mothers could even incline their children towards certain skills or occupations. They had such great influence, which they should use to benefit society.